The Chemical Composition of White Gold

The Chemical Composition of White Gold White gold is a well known choice to yellow gold, silver, or platinum. A few people incline toward the silver shade of white gold to the yellow shade of ordinary gold, yet may see silver as excessively delicate or excessively effortlessly discolored or the expense of platinum to be restrictive. While white gold contains fluctuating measures of gold, which is consistently yellow, it likewise contains at least one white metals to help its shading and include quality and solidness. The most widely recognized white metals that structure the white gold compound are nickel, palladium, platinum, and manganese. Now and again copper, zinc or silver are included. In any case, copper and silver structure unwanted shaded oxides noticeable all around or on the skin, so different metals are ideal. The virtue of white gold is communicated in karats, equivalent to with yellow gold. The gold substance is commonly stepped into the metal (e.g., 10K, 18K). The Color of White Gold The properties of white gold, including its shading, rely upon its arrangement. Albeit the vast majority think white gold is a glossy white metal, that shading is really from the rhodium metal plating that is applied to all white gold adornments. Without the rhodium covering, white gold may be dark, dull earthy colored, or even pale pink. Another covering that might be applied is a platinum combination. Commonly platinum is alloyed with iridium, ruthenium, or cobalt to expand its hardness. Platinum is normally white. Be that as it may, its more costly than gold, so it might be electroplated onto a white gold ring to improve its appearance without drastically expanding the cost. White gold that contains a high level of nickel will in general be nearest to a genuine white shading. It has a swoon ivory tone yet is a lot more white than unadulterated gold. Nickel white gold regularly doesn't require plating with rhodium for shading, in spite of the fact that the covering might be applied to lessen the frequency of skin responses. Palladium white gold is another solid compound that might be utilized without a covering. Palladium white gold has a swoon dim hint. Other gold compounds bring about extra shades of gold, including red or rose, blue, and green. Hypersensitivities to White Gold White gold gems normally is produced using a gold-palladium-silver amalgam or gold-nickel-copper-zinc composite. Be that as it may, around one of every eight individuals experience a response to the nickel-containing compound, as a rule as a skin rash. Most European adornments makers and some American gems producers maintain a strategic distance from nickel white gold since amalgams made without nickel are less allergenic. The nickel composite is regularly experienced in more seasoned white gold gems and in certain rings and pins, where the nickel delivers a white gold that is sufficiently able to confront the mileage these bits of adornments experience. Keeping up the Plating on White Gold White gold gems that has a platinum or rhodium plating ordinarily cant be resized on the grounds that doing so would harm the covering. The plating on adornments will scratch and wear after some time. A gem dealer can re-plate the thing by expelling any stones, polishing the metal, plating it, and restoring the stones to their settings. Rhodium plating regularly should be supplanted each couple of years. It just takes a few hours to play out the procedure, at an expense of around $50 to $150.

Discussion methods Essays

Conversation strategies Essays Conversation strategies Essay Conversation techniques Essay yawning, murmuring to a companion, and so forth. C. Posing Good Inquiries Questions are a central piece of conversation gatherings. Great conversations for the most part originate from posing quality inquiries. Questions can upgrade the conversation and even change the environment of the gathering itself. D. Experiential Learning We learn best when we are effectively engaged with the learning procedure. Utilizing the conversation technique, an understudies individual encounters are trailed by perception, reflection, and examination of these encounters. This procedure prompts detailing of bstract ideas and speculations, which, thus, prompts theories to be talked about and tried in future encounters. E. Accentuation on Sstudents encounters fill in as the reason for the conversation Although the instructor must have a particular objective as a main priority and a general system for arriving at the objective, understudy input decides the particular course the conversation takes. Benefits 1. Accentuation on Learning as opposed to Teaching, Discussion Method underscores understudy aactivity as conversation, instead of slmply telllng ana lecturlng Dy tne teacner. I nus, tnls metnoa Is more erec Interest by Everybody. In this technique, everyone takes an interest in the conversation, and hence thinks and communicates. This is a certain method of learning. 3. Advancement of Democratic perspective. Everyone coordinates in the conversation, and the thoughts and assessments of everyone are regarded. In this way, there is an improvement of vote based perspective and showing up at choice. 4. Preparing in Self-articulation. During conversation, everyone is required to communicate his thoughts and sentiments in a reasonable and succinct way. This gives plentiful chances to the sstudents for preparing n self-articulation. . Soul of Tolerance is taught. The sstudents figure out how to talk about and vary with different individuals from the gathering. They figure out how to endure the perspectives on others regardless of whether they are unsavory and conflicting to every others sees. Hence, regard for the view purposes of others is created. 6. Learning is made Interesting. Progressivel y successful learning is conceivable when the sstudents examine, reprimand and offer thoughts on a specific issue. Dynamic cooperation by the sstudents in the conversation makes learning brimming with enthusiasm for the sstudents. This additionally guarantees better and powerful procuring. . Inspiration: It helps in persuading the sstudents through their participa tion in conversation and it helps in creating understudies capacity to communicate them orally. 8. Sensible thinking: All the sstudents attempt to give progressively down to earth and coherent purposes behind their convictions and dis-convictions because of which, sentiment of sound rivalry gets created in them. Such sort of serious climate helps in rousing the sstudents to get increasingly more information from different sources. Confinements 1. Will in general get off theme if the teacher doesnt persistently divert thoughts. 2. Not uitable for introducing data just because. 3. Content is restricted and the technique is tedious. 4. The bigger the gatherings the more troublesome it is to direct the conversation. 5. A wide range of points can't be educated by Discussion Method. 6. This strategy can't be utilized for showing little kids. 7. Progressively educated and excited students will in general corner the conversation. 8. Some sstudents may not participate while others may attempt to command. Notwithstanding these restrictions, Discussion Method is a helpful and compelling technique for the educating of home science. Job of an educator The Teachers Role in the Group Discussion In a conversation including the complete gathering, the educators job is a vital one. As the person who does the significant portion of the arranging and readiness, and who as a rule drives the conversation, the instructor is the predominant and focal figure. In the arranging and planning stage, the instructor may need to situate sstudents to the conversation method so as to set them up to utilize conversation time monetarily. They should be urged or coordinated to do some perusing or other research and to make note of posslDle questlons prlor to tne Olscusslon. I ne teacner likewise wlll need to De arranged ith current data. On the off chance that the class for bank employees will talk about security issues, the instructor may think that its important to find out about the most recent security strategies before driving the class on the theme. During planning, the educator can likewise set up a rundown of relevant and driving inquiries, intended to help bay the vital ground and invigorating reasoning. The instructor should design the setting for close however casual gathering, with seats in a semi-hover, in bunches, or around a huge table or gathering of tables. The educator head ought to be situated close to the pinnacle of the ushaped gathering, r any place all sstudents can see and hear him/her. As the conversation starts, the instructor should begin by acquainting the subject with be talked about, the general furthest reaches of the point, and the time plan conceded to. The educator should make the issue understood to all by expressing it in explicit and direct terms. For instance, the educator in the kid care class would not declare the point basically by saying Today we will talk about lead harming, yet maybe by saying, What is the extent of the issue of lead harming in kids today, and what moves can be made to control the issue? The instructor may define some driving inquiries while an understudy composes the on the writing slate. Such inquiries may be: How genuine is the issue of lead harming in youngsters: Why are kids more truly influenced than grown-ups? What can the administration do about the issue? What can the youngster care laborer do? It will be important to permit some heating up time, yet as the gathering acquires involvement with conversation, less instructor provoking will be required. The educator need not fear some quiet as sstudents sort out their musings, however dead stops in the conversation ought to be evaded by the utilization of invigorating inquiries. As the conversation advances, the educator should endeavor to set up a free and well disposed environment in which commitments can be made without dread, and all have an equivalent oopportunity to take an interest. The instructor sets the well disposed tone, offers thought to all commitments, and aides the discussion inside the layouts of the issue. Every part is urged to contribute, with exceptional consideration being given to sstudents who are hesitant or who experience issues in communicating out in the open. The degree of learning is firmly identified with the level of understudy association and support. The able conversation pioneer builds up a consciousness of outward appearances and is touchy to eagerness and to the perspectives of the gathering. At this phase of the conversation, the educator ought to be animating sstudents to reason out the issues, helping them to assess what they hear, and proposing conceivable class exercises as outgrowths of the discussion. On the off chance that few little gathering conversations are working, the instructor can circle unobtrusively among the gatherings, controlling the conversations as he/she would with the all out gathering. What's more, the educator can make occasional outlines of the conversation, and can ormulate speculations pertinent to different circumstances. The educator may likewise keep the deduction open by taking the frail side of an inquiry, recommending an assessment to stir contention, or going about as the demons advocate. In an office practice class Olscusslon 0T pay ana worKlng conaltlons, Tor Instance, tne teacner may take tne position that lower pay for ladies is Justified on account of their high turnover and the lesser requests made on them. The reason for this disputable explanation is power sstudents to validate their conflicts to the nation. The entirety of this is done from the instructors foundation of information about the subject, however without endeavoring to constrain an individual situation on the class and without forcing a foreordained answer for the issue. This sort of transparency requires a pioneer who is liberated from a drive to decide, who is actually secure and ready to be a devotee at times, and who can limit his/her own longing to talk. A few circumstances may create throughout a class conversation that can be hard to deal with. The accompanying rundown tends to some potential issues and proposes some potential answers for these issues. The Teachers Role in the Panel Discussion The board chief (for this situation, the educator) is the most significant individual from the board. The person in question coordinates preplanning exercises, helps any part who is experiencing difficulty, and assumes liability for the general working of the gathering. A wellprepared pioneer constructs conversation outline†usually a progression of inquiries concerning significant issues. The inquiries may never be posed in precisely that structure, however the pioneer can utilize them to help keep the conversation inside the rules. The pioneer has the duty to direct the board individuals readiness and execution. Every part needs to get a review of the entire issue from perusing, at that point study his/her own specific part of the issue (e. g. , the current situation, steps that may be taken, and the impacts of such activity). During the conversation, the individuals are trading thoughts among themselves, however they are doing it to support the class, so they ought to in part face and converse with one another, and mostly to the crowd. Arranged addresses are not all together. The successful board part (supported by the instructor) will† 00make short commitments, not more than one moment long 00ask examining questions f different specialists 00follow the conversation of different specialists 00follow the conversation cautiously, really tuning in to what others need to express 00relate comments to what as of now has been said Douse civility and a neighborly methodology, and abstain from decrying comments As the board opens, the pioneer offers starting comments, expresses the issue, as

The Secret Truth About Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8 Revealed

<h1> The Secret Truth About Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8 Revealed </h1> <h2>Lies You've Been Told About Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8 </h2> <p>Appropriate jargon and language should be utilized. Question 4 (an) In the following section, there's a word given in the sections fill in every last one of the spaces numbered 1 to 10 the correct sort of the word and don't duplicate the full entry. Understudies can pick the help of these plans to set up an article in Hindi language.</p> <h2>Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8 for Dummies </h2> <p>Now every day, web has spread its belongings at every alcove and corner all around the globe. A little advance taken today will definitely transform into a monster jump tomorrow. My favored player is Messi, I might want to resemble him. Utilizing this web we can get the entirety of the news time to time from everywhere throughout the world from 1 spot. Ensure finish them promptly. </p> <p&g t;We've given barely any more focuses in each area so you can pick the fundamental lines or length. We can't live without them. </p> <p>I am keen on being a footballer. Most of the guardians understand this kind of threat anyway some not and use web straightforwardly. As time passes, it is developing increasingly far reaching. </p> <p>Because of the net, online correspondence has gotten extremely simple and simple. We can say it's a system of systems. Web is a universal system which interfaces a large number of PCs all around the globe. In the advanced time, it has become is one of the most remarkable and fascinating apparatuses the whole way across the world. </p> <p>Creative Essay composing is as of now perceived among the most supportive action for kids for their general character advancement. We can likewise underline the accomplishments of the flourishing Indian ladies in different fields. It has profited the instruction, travel and friends s egments to an amazing level. That doesn't have to get happened iv. </p> <p>Before composing the article it's critical to consider the ensuing realities 1. Expectation that this article of our own will help you in getting extra data concerning this subject. Such a food is promptly accessible and has an unrivaled taste, yet it does a lot of damage to the prosperity of the child. Compose possibly in support of this issue. </p> <p>Within this mid year excursion, I'll be joining football day camp. John helped Thomas subsequently he'd stay appreciative iii. A Real Estate organization not at all like some other fixated on the mission of developing a system of profession disapproved of stars who endeavor to develop their undertaking and their future. </p> <h2>Most Noticeable Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8 </h2> <p>We've given extremely unmistakable and general points article which are normally doled out to understudies in the school. Our answe rs are painstakingly arranged out in accordance with the latest schedule with refreshes made toward the beginning of the semester. This can assist you with giving adequate amount of time to modify the schedule again. Henceforth, they can score far superior evaluations in scholastics. </p> <p>I couldn't tackle it. Hindi is India's most generally communicated in language and it's a subject that is shown all around the nation. </p> <p>It's composed for a wide crowd, along these lines it should be written in a fascinating way so as to hold the peruser's advantage. The style, language and level of the post ought to be held as a primary concern. Hindi is a subject which requires consistent practice to have the option to ace, and we've helped make the procedure less complex. Hindi is increasing overall acknowledgment. </p> <h2>Definitions of Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8 </h2> <p>You will get an aggregate of 30 minutes to finish your paper. Assessments are turning out to be intense consistently and in this manner pressure on understudies are rising step by step. Thomas will stay appreciative. Consequently, you should deal with the ideal opportunity for your studies.</p> <h2> The End of Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8 </h2> <p>We trust this paper will offer all of you of the significant data identified with Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, which will have a positive effects on your wellbeing notwithstanding your prosperity. Paper is something no one can figure which subject will come. Opportunity incorporates duty 5. This will promise you don't skirt any part. What's the reason for the guide. </p> <h2>Who Else Wants to Learn About Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8? </h2> <p>Make certain you compose atleast one article or one letter every day to support your speed. The SSC MTS Descriptive Paper will be run soon. Need of Computer Literacy in the current age. </p> <p>It's been a significant bit of our life implies we can say that without it we face huge amounts of issues in our regular day to day existences. It will assist with staying in contact with buddies, they can't meet routinely. I have a decent arrangement of good buddies. Ellaborate a genuine encounter. </p> <p>Without the investigation of chronicled, ideological and monetary variables that cause fear based oppression, an extensive triumph over psychological warfare is unthinkable. Changes brought about by a worldwide temperature alteration may incorporate things like rising ocean levels because of liquefying of the polar ice tops, notwithstanding an expansion in event and earnestness of tempests and other serious climate occasions. Close by the interest for dire measures to battle fear mongering, it is urgent to recognize and investigate the things that give ascend to this risky wonder. Compose a report to underscore the impacts of an Earth-wide temperature boost working with the ind ications given underneath. The impact of an Earth-wide temperature boost 2. </p> <h2> What Is So Fascinating About Hindi Essay Topics for Class 8?</h2> <p>In expansion, we go to class in precisely the same school transport. You're moved by the basic truth individuals consider the young lady kid for a weight and not as an advantage. Web accessibility is incredibly useful for the understudies anyway it's a tremendous concern too for them since they can get to some horrible sites covertly from their folks that is awful for as long as they can remember. </p>

Essay Topics For O Levels

<h1>Essay Topics For O Levels</h1><p>For exposition themes for O levels, various perspectives must be thought about. An O level in English is considered as a placement test for a college or school. For this, most understudies are required to compose an extensive exposition, in view of their insight and comprehension of the subject. In this manner, it is important to evaluate the understudy's ability recorded as a hard copy an exposition dependent on her capabilities.</p><p></p><p>To pick a suitable article themes for O levels, an understudy ought to comprehend that such papers can either be composed for tests or for individual reasons. While composing an exposition for tests, an individual may need to concentrate on various perspectives, for example, syntax, spelling, jargon, and so forth. When all is said in done, a paper on such points ought not be excessively long or written in a way which is hard for the peruser to understand.</p>&l t;p></p><p>O-level school article subjects can likewise be composed to meet a group of people, either as a gathering or for a grant application. Composing a school exposition on these points is an incredible method to dazzle forthcoming bosses or companions of the candidate. It will assist the understudy with improving her composing aptitudes while improving her scholastic standing.</p><p></p><p>After the choice of article points for O levels, there is a significant stage wherein it is important to consider how to structure the exposition. The exposition ought to have a start, center and an end. A powerful start is one that sets the state of mind for the paper to follow. By having a successful start, the article will have its effect in the perusers' psyches, impacting them to ponder the essay.</p><p></p><p>Beginning the paper with a postulation proclamation has numerous focal points. This sets the topic of the paper that will be remembered for the end. It is imperative to ensure that the author can associate her proposition articulation with the remainder of the paper without trading off her style.</p><p></p><p>After setting the subject, it is essential to take a gander at the end. An end which is solid and acceptable can't be accomplished by beginning from the earliest starting point. The creator needs to separate the thoughts into straightforward sentences that bode well and offer the important data about the point. The end should just take around thirty minutes of your time. Other than this, having great changes between the sentences makes the article stream smoothly.</p><p></p><p>Essay subjects for O levels ought to be written in a linguistically right way. In any case, it is additionally critical to utilize appropriate accentuation. Paper points for O levels can either be founded on the abstract sort, the topic or the writing of the specific coun try.</p>

Government For Achieving Employment In Students With Good Grades

<h1>Government For Achieving Employment In Students With Good Grades</h1><p>The government will give occupations to understudies who have passing marks in their evaluation three term test papers in Sinhala. As the administration has been sans giving instruction, the opportunity has already come and gone that the legislature additionally begins searching for such understudies who have a passing mark in their test papers.</p><p></p><p>These understudies will be given openings for work on the off chance that they go to places like Chennai, Kottayam, Bangalore and some different places in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and numerous different spots. Many occupation candidates likewise apply to the administration for landing all day positions in these spots also. Government is anticipating give occupations to understudies who have accomplished most extreme stamps in their scholastic level papers.</p><p></p><p>Students who don 't get into the colleges or private organizations will likewise have some openings for work in the market. In any case, the openings for work will be constrained when contrasted with government employments, which are available to all understudies. Understudies who have a passing mark in their scholarly papers will have better odds of landing the administration positions. They will have better possibilities in the event that they finish the test and on the off chance that they have a passing mark in their assessment papers.</p><p></p><p>It doesn't have to go through much cash for landing all day positions. There are organizations that are giving these occupations with no consumption. Understudies who lack affirmation in the schools can likewise go after getting position openings and can likewise land some low maintenance positions in the universities. The vast majority of the understudies will need to work in these places.</p><p></p><p> The National Skill Development Council or the National Skill Development Board is likewise giving some openings for work to understudies. Understudies who would prefer not to sit for tests can likewise accept some activity open doors from these sheets. There are different branches in these sheets which incorporate IT, Medical, Accountancy, Nursing, Chemical, etc.</p><p></p><p>These sheets have given the opportunity to understudies who had not sat for the selection test to take employments in the service or the administration offices or in these sheets. For landing positions at these spots, understudies ought to likewise have a passing mark in their scholastic paper. The vast majority of the educators at these spots will be glad to see the understudies who have excellent grades in their scholastic paper.</p><p></p><p>Students who have breezed through the selection test can likewise go after getting positions at the National Skill Develo pment Board in their territory. The legislature is giving chances to understudies who have a high evaluation in their scholarly paper.</p>

How to Choose a PhD Dissertation Adviser

<h1>How to Choose a PhD Dissertation Adviser</h1><p>When it goes to your paper, picking the correct PhD proposal counsel is significant. There are numerous variables that go into settling on a decent and safe choice, so here are a few hints that will assist you with settling on the best decision for your paper advisor.</p><p></p><p>Your exposition counselor ought to be somebody who has demonstrated a ton of trust in their capacity to manage you through the way toward composing your theory. How would you know whether your consultant is dependable? How might you tell that they're not a traditional Republican or liberal Democrat? The way to searching for a decent counselor is to ensure that they're proficient and that they recognize what they're doing. In spite of the fact that you need to investigate the counsels before employing them, even before talking about the subject with them, don't attempt to pick your paper counselor too quickly.</p ><p></p><p>Another tip is to ask different understudies who have had a thesis guide before about their experience. Converse with different understudies who composed a PhD proposal and what they encountered with their counsel. Search for people who worked under comparative counsels and have worked in comparable conditions. This may give you a thought regarding whether your paper consultant will have the option to help you with the point and the particular rules for the theme. This can likewise give you knowledge into how well you'll do with your advisor.</p><p></p><p>How long have you been searching for a paper counselor? Don't simply settle on a hurried choice dependent on cost alone. Before you choose a paper counsel, ensure that you take a gander at all the various alternatives and costs. It's acceptable to attempt to locate the most ideal exhort at a value that you can manage. This implies taking a gander at the opposition from around the nation, and if the expense of your counsel is generally modest however has a not exactly perfect notoriety, ensure you investigate other alternatives.</p><p></p><p>There are a few things to remember when picking an exposition guide, and this is one of them. How would you guarantee that you're getting a counselor that will be near and bolster you later on? You likewise need to ensure that you're picking a consultant that will be available in your counsel's office just as with you on the phone.</p><p></p><p>A thesis guide ought to have a touch of information about the subject and can show you a wide range of sorts of answers for an issue. Ensure you get a guide that has involvement with various types of issues. This can have a tremendous effect in your paper. Additionally, search for a thesis consultant that has had experience working with post-graduates and in any event, while exploring your exposition, ask whether they have a reput ation with graduate understudies and post-graduates in the past.</p><p></p><p>Choosing the paper counselor is a significant choice. You can miss the point, yet that won't make any difference on the off chance that you pick somebody who is qualified and can give you the direction you need.</p>

Financial Forecasting Exxon vs. Chevron - 2200 Words

Financial Forecasting: Exxon vs. Chevron (Case Study Sample) Content: Financial Forecasting: Exxon vs. Chevron Name Institution Financial Forecasting: Exxon vs. Chevron This paper looks at the 2015 financial statements of Exxon Mobil Corporation and Chevron Corporation and seeks to provide a 5 year financial forecast of the two companies based on growth and change prospects described in the Management Discussion and Analysis section of the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ financial reports. In developing the financial statements forecast, estimates of the expected future revenues based on demand forecasts deduced from the MDAs sections of the Sec-10 K 2015 filing of Exxon Mobil and Chevron Corporation have been used. The financial statements forecasting technique was used to produce the forecasted Income Statements and Balance sheets. Exxon Mobil Corporation According to predictions in Exxon Mobilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Management Discussions and Analysis (MDAs) it is stated that the global energy demand is set to increase by 25% between 2014 and 2040 and in so far as this is concerned the volume numbers in 2015 are still in line with this trend. Between 2015 and 2020 therefore, the increase in global energy demand according to Exxon Mobil is set to be about 5 %; this is a 1% annual increment in demand. Performance in the year 2015 significantly went down in dollar terms by almost a half because of the depressed product prices in the oil market which has significantly cut down the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s margin. This trend is predicted to hold for the foreseeable future. The conservative estimation of depressed product prices and the 1% annual demand growth has been used to prepare the forecasted financial statements for Exxon Mobil as shown below: Consolidated Statement Of Income - USD ($) $ in Millions 12 Months Ended    Dec. 31, 2020 Dec. 31, 2018 Dec. 31, 2017 Dec. 31, 2016 Dec. 31, 2015 Dec. 31, 2014 Dec. 31, 2013 Revenues and other income                         Sales and other operating revenue 272724 270024 267351 264704 262083 259,488 394,105 420,836 Income from equity affiliates 8034 7954 7876 7798 7720 7,644 13,323 13,927 Other income 1839 1821 1803 1785 1768 1,750 4,511 3,492 Total revenues and other income 282598 279800 277029 274287 271571 268,882 411,939 438,255 Costs and other deductions                         Crude oil and product purchases 136634 135282 133942 132616 131303 130,003 225,972 244,156 Production and manufacturing expenses 37402 37032 36665 36302 35943 35,587 40,859 40,525 Selling, general and administrative expenses 12088 11968 11849 11732 11616 11,501 12,598 12,877 Depreciation and depletion 18969 18781 18595 18411 18228 18,048 17,297 17,182 Exploration expenses, including dry holes 1601 1585 1569 1554 1538 1,523 1,669 1,976 Interest expense 327 324 320 317 314 311 286 9 Sales-based taxes 23835 23599 23365 23134 22905 22,678 29,342 30,589 Other taxes and duties 28656 28372 28091 27813 27538 27,265 32,286 33,230 Total costs and other deductions 259511 256942 254398 251879 249385 246,916 360,309 380,544 Income before income taxes 23086 22858 22632 22408 22186 21,966 51,630 57,711 Income taxes 5691 5635 5579 5524 5469 5,415 18,015 24,263 Net income including non-controlling interests 17395 17223 17053 16884 16717 16,551 33,615 33,448 Net income attributable to non-controlling interests 421 417 413 409 405 401 1,095 868 Net income attributable to ExxonMobil 16974 16806 16639 16475 16312 16,150 $ 32,520 $ 32,580 Consolidated Balance Sheet - USD ($) $ in Millions Dec. 31, 2020 Dec. 31, 2019 Dec. 31, 2018 Dec. 31, 2017 Dec. 31, 2016 Dec. 31, 2015 Dec. 31, 2014 Current assets                      Cash and cash equivalents 90325 72159 54442 37144 20240 $ 3,705 $ 4,616 Cash and cash equivalents - restricted                   42 Notes and accounts receivable, less estimated doubtful amounts 20889 20682 20477 20274 20074 19,875 28,009 Inventories                      Crude oil, products and merchandise 12651 12526 12402 12279 12157 12,037 12,384 Materials and supplies 4423 4379 4336 4293 4250 4,208 4,294 Other current assets 2941 2912 2883 2854 2826 2,798 3,565 Total current assets 131228 112657 94539 76845 59547 42,623 52,910 Investments, advances and long-term receivables 35992 35635 35283 34933 34587 34,245 35,239 Property, plant and equipment, at cost, less accumulated depreciation and depletion 264439 261821 259229 256662 254121 251,605 252,668 Other assets, including intangibles, net 8708 8621 8536 8452 8368 8,285 8,676 Total assets 440367 418736 397587 376892 356624 336,758 349,493 Current liabilities                      Notes and loans payable 19719 19524 19331 19139 18950 18,762 17,468 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 34065 33728 33394 33063 32736 32,412 42,227 Income taxes payable 2945 2916 2887 2858 2830 2,802 4,938 Total current liabilities 56729 56168 55612 55061 54516 53,976 64,633 Long-term debt 19,925 19,925 19,925 19,925 19,925 19,925 11,653 Postretirement benefits reserves 36473 33157 30143 27403 24912 22,647 25,802 Deferred income tax liabilities 38696 38313 37934 37558 37186 36,818 39,230 Long-term obligations to equity companies 5417 5417 5417 5417 5417 5,417 5,325 Other long-term obligations 22245 22024 21806 21590 21377 21,165 21,786 Total liabilities 179485 175004 170837 166954 163332 159,948 168,429 Commitments and contingencies                   Equity                      Common stock without par value 11612 11612 11612 11612 11612 $ 11,612 $ 10,792 Earnings reinvested 495649 478675 461869 445230 428756 412,444 408,384 Accumulated other comprehensive income -24710 -24466 -24223 -23984 -23746 (23,511) (18,957) Common stock held in treasury -229734 -229734 -229734 -229734 -229734 (229,734) (225,820) ExxonMobil share of equity 252817 236088 219524 203125 186887 $ 170,811 174,399 Non-controlling interests 8065 7644 7226 6813 6404 5,999 6,665 Total equity 260882 243731 226750 209938 193291 $ 176,810 181,064 Total liabilities and equity 440367 418736 397587 376892 356624 336,758 $ 349,493 Chevron Corporation Looking at Chevronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s MDAs it is also clear that the impact of the mid 2014 slump in oil prices especially in the upstream market has been significant and these market conditions are expected to hold into the foreseeable future. Chevron Corporationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ net revenue in the year 2015 reduced by almost a half due to tough market conditions similar to those faced by Exxon. According to the MDAs, the earnings of the company depend heavily on the profitability of the upstream business. However the company intends to keep volumes up in order to boost revenues going into the future. Using the energy demand growth estimation of 1% per annum as predicted earlier, the forecast financial statements of Chevron Corporation are produced as shown below: Consolidated Statement of Income - USD ($) $ in Millions Revenues and Other Income Dec. 31, 2020 Dec. 31, 2019 Dec. 31, 2018 Dec. 31, 2017 Dec. 31, 2016 Dec. 31, 2015 Dec. 31, 2014 Dec. 31, 2013 Sales and other operating revenues 136552 135200 133862 132536 131224 $ 129,925 $ 200,494 $ 220,156 Income from equity affiliates 4922.9 4874.19 4825.93 4778.15 4730.84 4,684 7,098 7,527 Other income 4065.3 4025.06 3985.2 3945.75 3906.68 3,868 4,378 1,165 Total Revenues and Other Income 145541 144100 142673 141260 139862 138,477 211,970 228,848 Costs and Other Deductions                         Purchased crude oil and products 73309 72583.2 71864.5 71153 70448.5 69,751 119,671 134,696 Operating expenses 24209 23969.3 23...